Kadamba Coins and the Earliest Kannada Inscription :

Kadamba coins and the earliest Kannada inscription :

The Halmidi inscription used to be the earliest known epigraph that confirmed the early usage of Kannada script (Kadamba script). The stone inscription observed at Halmidi has been assigned to C. 450 CE. And belongs to Kadamba ruler Kakusthavarma, whose reign is estimated to be between 435 CE to 455 CE.
Within the yr 2006, the Jalagars, the sand sievers family, from Tamil Nadu, yielded round 6 Kannada inscribed potin cash from the riverbed of Varada in Sirsi Taluk, which is in Uttara Kannada district. The legends might now not be satisfactorily deciphered via Sri MM Prabhu of Mangalore because of the poor chipped  of cash, and was once learn Sri Manaragi. Later, when more cash came to limelight, the subsequent yr, he managed to attribute it to the Kadambas of Banavasi. The Banavasi village, which is 22 miles (35 km) away from the Sirsi city was the ancient capital of the Kadambas of Banavasi. Banavasi used to be also known as "Jaldurga" in the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II. The Varada river encompassed the Banavasi town in the entire four recommendations to form a ordinary water port and as a result the name Jal (water) durga (port).

For the subsequent two years (2007–2008), the Jalagars made a headway and yielded Satavahana Potin cash bearing Elephant/quadri-directional symbol in variety above 5000 pieecs together with few thousands of Kura Potin coins bearing Bull/Bow-and-Arrow symbols. Lots of the elephant Satavahana cash had been of rulers Siri, Satakarni and Pudumavi. The Satavahaha fractions of up to 50 mg weight, with an identical elephant motiff and illegible legend had been additionally got. The Bull/Discus Potin coins were issued most often with the aid of Rajno Vishnurudra though other rulers name such as Vishnurudra Putra, Vasithi Putra, Satakarni and so forth. Exist. 1/3 of the sequence, the inscribed Kadamba Potin coins were discovered too, but in small quantities, estimated to be round one hundred pieces with four unique legend types. Most effective the coins bearing the legend Sri-Manarashi and Sr-Dhosharashi were released but. There exist around 10 die variants of the same. 

Other cash such as Bull/Trident-Goad coins in bell metallic of tetradrachm usual bearing legend Vinukhata Brahmananda were determined in 5 to 6 numbers, Copper and Lead cash of Chutukulananda, Mulananda and Sivalananda and many others. Are obvious seldom in those river beds however in too lesser numbers. Copper coins of Chutus weren't known hitherto. On account that Banavasi was once an fundamental devout website online of sanctity, the web site attracted historic-age piigrims from distant locations who spent their final days in the holy website. They supplied coins comparable to Guptas, Kushan, Roman, Western Kshatrapas, Vijayanagaras and Hoysalas etc., which stands proof to this.

So far as the chronology of those Banavasi Kadamba cash concerned, Sri-Dhosharashi cash comply with Sri-Manarashi cash as evidenced by means of the script style. Because Dhosharashi epithet was embellished by means of Ravivarma, the Manarashi cash are both issued by means of the predecessors Shanthivarma or Mrigeshavarma. This is understood via the script style of Manarashi coins that resembled more that of Halmidi inscription. Furthermore, Halmidi inscription is assigned to Kakkushthavarman. These potin cash are located in various weights similar to 200 mg to 400 mg stanadard. The fractional cash weighed round one hundred mg and contained devout symbols comparable to Discus, Conch and Lotus, that are the icons of Lord Vishnu.

Their Talagunda inscription had an invocation of Lord Shiva whilst the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions began with an invocation of Lord Vishnu. Additionally, their temple, the Madukeshwara, also appear to have gone through a number of alterations over a interval. The preliminary statue is believed to be of Lord Vishnu while Siva Linga is currently worshipped. One more story about this place entails the slaying of demon Madhu by way of Lord Vishnu on the behest of Lord Shiva. This story is acknowledged within the Puranas. So, the religious image akin to Conch, discuss and Lotus only signifies the fractional value of coin, which is visible evenin the Hanas and Hagas of the Alupas and Gangas, who were the contemporaries and also in time, the feudatories of the Kadambas of Banavasi.

It is spectacular to look the shift of script utilization to Kannada, from the Satavahana Brahmi. Satavahana Brahmi was once utilized by the Chutus, Satavahanas and the Kuras respectively as the legit script. It is relatively viable that Kannada was in use prior to the guideline of the Chutus but Brahmi was once the script. The utilization of Kannada script in cash and inscriptions is the reward of the Kadambas and pattern persisted in the whole of then Karnataka. The stone capsules recently located in Parkala, Udupi taluk, attests the utilization of Kannada across the equal interval (5th century CE).

Administration :

 
The Kadamba kings known as themselves Dharmamaharajas just like the Satavahana kings. Dr. Mores has recognized quite a lot of cabinet and different positions in the kingdom from inscriptions. The prime minister (Pradhana), Steward (Manevergade), secretary of council (Tantrapala or Sabhakarya Sachiva), scholarly elders (Vidyavriddhas), health care professional (Deshamatya), private secretary (Rahasyadhikritha), chief secretary (Sarvakaryakarta), chief justice (Dharmadhyaksha) and other officers (Bhojaka and Ayukta). The military consisted of officers like Jagadala, Dandanayaka and Senapathi.

A crown prince from the royal household helped the king in administration. Princesses of the royal loved ones were appointed as governors of various provinces. King Kakusthavarma had appointed his son Krishna as viceroy of Thriparvatha region. This later proved unsafe to the kingdom because it gave opportunity for become independent from factions in the kingdom.

The kingdom used to be divided into Mandalas (provinces) or Desha. Under a Mandala was once Vishayas (districts). A whole of 9 Vishaya had been recognized. Underneath a Vishaya had been Mahagramas (Taluk) and Dashagramas (Hobli). Mahagrama had extra villages than Dashagramas. One sixth of land produce used to be amassed as tax. Taxes had been amassed as Perjunka (levy on load), Vaddaravula (social security tax for royal loved ones), Bilkoda (salex tax), Kirukula (land tax), Pannaya (betel tax) and different legitimate taxes on traders etc. Not too long ago Dr.S.G.Samak of shimoga has discovered a hoard of 6 kadamba copper plates from a place referred to as aratalegadde is in shimoha district. In that hoard two new kings thus far unknown within the geniology of the kadambas had been recognized. They're priyavruta varma and pulinda varma.

Culture : 

Devout 

 
The Kadambas have been followers of Vedic Hinduism. The founder, Mayurasharma was once a Brahmin by delivery however later his successors transformed their surname to Varma to denote their Kshatriya fame. Some Kadamba kings like Krishna Varma performed the horse sacrifice (Ashwamedha). Their Talagunda inscription begins with an invocation of Lord Shiva while the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions  with an invocation of Lord Vishnu. They constructed the Madhukesvara temple which is viewed their household deity. Many files just like the Kudalur, Sirsi records speak of can provide made by them to scholarly Brahmins. Can provide were also made to Buddhist viharas.

The Kadambas also patronised Jainism; a number of of the latter kings adopted the religion, and built numerous Jain Basadis (temples) that are scattered around Banavasi, Belagavi, Mangaluru and Goa. Kings and Queens of the dynasty have been famend for his or her aid of literature, arts and liberal can provide to temples and educational associations.

Several descendants are scattered around latest Goa, Belagavi, Mangaluru and Bengaluru. Adikavi Pampa enormously mentioned this kingdom in his writings. Following are his noted rates on Banavasi: Aaramkushamittodam nenevudenna manam banavasi deshamam (I shall cherish the candy memories of Banavasi even when tortured), Maridumbiyagi men Kogileyagi puttuvudu nandanadol Banavasi deshadol (As a bee or as nightingale will have to one born here in this attractive nation of Banavasi)

Architecture :

 
The contribution of the Kadambas to the architectural heritage of Karnataka is surely useful of cognizance. The Kadamba sort may also be identified and that it has a couple of matters in normal with the Chalukya and the Pallava styles. Probably the most outstanding feature of their structure, general because it was once is their Shikara known as Kadamba Shikara. The Shikara is pyramid shaped and rises in steps without any ornament with a Stupika or Kalasha on the prime. This style of Shikara are used a number of centuries later within the Doddagaddavalli Hoysala temple and the Mahakuta temples in Hampi. A few of their temples additionally use perforated monitor home windows. It has also been cited that in structure and sculpture, the Kadambas contributed to the basis of the later Chalukya-Hoysala sort. 

The Madhukeshwara (Lord Shiva) temple built through them nonetheless exists in Banavasi. Developed within the 10th century and renovated generally, the temple is a very good piece of art. The stone cot with wonderful carvings is among the important traveller attractions in the temple.

Have an impact on :

 
Kadambotsava ("The competition of Kadamba") a pageant is widely known each yr by way of govt of Karnataka in honour of this kingdom. A preferred Kannada film, Mayura starring Dr. Raj Kumar celebrates the creation of the primary Kannada kingdom.

On 31 may just 2005 Defence minister Pranab Mukherjee commissioned India's most advanced and first committed army naval base named INS Kadamba after the Kadamba dynasty, in Karwar.

Victory over the Shakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas

Victory over the Shakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas :

 
the first century CE saw another incursion of the Sakas of primary Asia into India, the place they formed the dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas. The 4 on the spot successors of Hāla (r. 20–24 CE) had quick reigns totalling about a dozen years. For the duration of the reign of the Western Satrap Nahapana, the Satavahanas lost a considerable territory to the satraps, including japanese Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and northern Konkan, from Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Pune.

Gautamiputra Satakarni (78–102 CE)

 
finally Gautamiputra (Sri Yagna) Sātakarni (often referred to as Shalivahan) (r. Seventy eight–102 CE)defeated the Western Satrap ruler Nahapana, restoring the prestige of his dynasty by way of reconquering a tremendous part of the former dominions of the Sātavāhanas.

In keeping with the Nasik inscription made by means of his mother Gautami Balasri, he is the one...
...Who beaten down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas; who destroyed the Sakas (Western Kshatrapas), Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),... Who rooted out the Khakharata household (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race. 

Gautamiputra Satakarni might also have defeated Sakas in 78 CE (ref ?) and started the calendar known as Shalivahana era or Shaka technology, which is adopted by means of the Telugu people, Gujarati, Marathi and Kannadiga is the Indian countrywide calendar. Earlier in fifty six BCE, Vikramaditya king of Ujjain defeated Sakas and started Vikram Samvat era. His mom stated his title to be "Satavahana-kula-yasa-pratisthapanakara".

Gautamiputra Sātakarni's son, Vashishtiputra Pulumāyi (r. 102–one hundred thirty CE), succeeded him. Gautamiputra used to be the primary Sātavāhana ruler to difficulty the portrait-kind coinage, in a style derived from the Western Satraps.Successors

Gautamiputra's brother, Vashishtiputra Sātakarni, married the daughter of Rudradaman I of the Western Satraps dynasty. Around one hundred fifty CE, Rudradaman I, now his partner's father, waged warfare in opposition to the Satavahanas, who were defeated twice in these conflicts. Vashishtiputra Satakarni was best spared his lifestyles considering the fact that of his household hyperlinks with Rudradaman:"Rudradaman (...) who received just right document since he, regardless of having twice in reasonable battle totally defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha, due to the nearness of their connection didn't break him."as a consequence of his victories, Rudradaman regained the entire former territories earlier held by using Nahapana, except for the severe south territories of Pune and Nasik. 

Satavahana dominions were restricted to their normal base within the Deccan and eastern crucial India round Amaravati. Nevertheless, the final great king of this dynasty, Yajna Satakarni, defeated the Western Satraps and reconquered their southern areas in western and vital India which led to the decline of the Western Satraps Dynasty. During the reign of Sri Yajna Sātakarni (one hundred seventy–199 CE) the Sātavāhanas regained some prosperity, and a few of his cash had been discovered in Saurashtra but around the middle of the 3rd century, the dynasty got here to an end.

Decline of the Satavahanas :

 
four or 5 kings of Yajna Satakarni's line succeeded him, and endured to rule till about the mid 200s CE. Nevertheless, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the upward thrust of its feudatories, possibly by reason of a decline in crucial energy. A number of dynasties divided the lands of the dominion among themselves. Among them have been:

•    Western Satraps within the northwestern part of the dominion.
•    Andhra Ikshvakus (or Srīparvatiyas) in the Krishna-Guntur area. (r. 220–320 CE).
•    Abhiras within the western a part of the kingdom. They had been eventually to prevail the Sātavāhanas of their capital Pratishthānapura.
•    Chutus of Banavasi in North Karnataka.
•    Kadambas of Banavasi in North Karnataka.

Coinage :

 
The Satavahanas are the first native Indian rulers to trouble their possess coins with portraits of their rulers, opening with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a tradition derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.

Satavahana coins provide precise indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial facets (curly hair, long ears and robust lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-form silver cash had been on the whole struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings.
The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all intervals, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Tamil, Kannada & Telugu language, which seems to have been in use of their heartland abutting the Godavari, Kotilingala, Karimnagar in Telangana, Krishna, Amaravati, Guntur in Andhra Pradesh.

 Their cash also show more than a few usual symbols, similar to elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the "Ujjain symbol", a pass with 4 circles at the end. The legendary Ujjayini Emperor Vikramditiya on whose name the Vikram Samvat is initiated might be Satakarni II a Satavahana emperor because the Ujjayini symbol also regarded on the Satavahana cash.

Cultural achievements :

 
Of the Sātavāhana kings, Hāla (r. 20–24 CE) is noted for compiling the gathering of Maharashtri poems known as the Gaha Sattasai (Sanskrit: Gāthā Saptashatī), although from linguistic evidence it appears the work now extant have got to have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. The Lilavati describes his marriage with a Ceylonese Princess.

The Satavahanas influenced South-East Asia to a first-class extent, spreading Hindu culture, language and faith into that a part of the arena. Their coins had photos of ships.

Art of Amaravati :

 
The Sātavāhana rulers are additionally exceptional for their contributions to Buddhist artwork and architecture. They developed great stupas in the Krishna River Valley, together with the stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. The stupas were adorned in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the lifetime of the Buddha, portrayed in a attribute slim and based kind. The Satavahana empire colonized Southeast Asia and spread Indian tradition to those ingredients. The Amaravati variety of sculpture spread to Southeast Asia presently.

Artwork of Sanchi:

The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi. The gateways and the balustrade have been developed after 70 BCE, and show up to have been commissioned through them. An inscription documents the reward of one of the crucial top architraves of the Southern Gateway through the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor Satakarni:

Southern Conquest

Southern conquest :

After annexing Seleucus' japanese Persian provinces, Chandragupta had a giant empire extending across the northern parts of Indian Sub-continent, from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. Chandragupta then started out expanding his empire additional south beyond the barrier of the Vindhya range and into the Deccan Plateau except the Tamil regions (Pandya, Chera, Chola and Satyaputra) and Kalinga (cutting-edge day Odisha).  The noted Tamil poet Mamulanar of the Sangam literature additionally described how the Deccan Plateau used to be invaded via the Maurya navy. By the time his conquests had been entire, Chandragupta had succeeded in unifying most of Southern Asia. Megasthenes later recorded the scale of Chandragupta's military as 400,000 infantrymen, according to Strabo:

Megasthenes was in the camp of Sandrocottus,
However, Pliny, who also drew from Megasthenes' work, gives even better numbers of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 warfare elephants:

however the Prasii surpass in vigor and glory each different men and women, not simplest in this quarter, however one may say in all India, their capital Palibothra, an awfully tremendous and rich metropolis, after which some call the persons itself the Palibothri,--nay even the entire tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing navy of 600,000-foot-squaddies, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 elephants: whence is also formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his assets.

Jainism and demise :

The final shruta-kevali, Bhadrabahu swami was a Jain Acharya. He was a non secular teacher of Chandragupta Maurya and wrote a couple of texts involving Jainism, together with Uvasagharam Stotra. Bhadrabahu and his student Chandragupta Maurya, are believed to have meditated there Chandragupta Basadi. Chandragupta adopted Jainism after voluntarily renouncing the throne. He gave up his throne at the opening of the 0.33 century BC when he was forty-two years historic and became an ascetic below the final Shrutakevali Bhadrabahu, migrating south with them and ending his days in sallekhana (loss of life with the aid of fasting) consistent with Jain spiritual lifestyle at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa in gift-day Karnataka, though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the inspiration of a greater southern migration round that point.

Successors :

After Chandragupta's renunciation, his son Bindusara succeeded because the Maurya Emperor. He maintained friendly members of the family with Greek governors in Asia and Egypt. Bindusara's son Ashoka the best grew to be probably the most influential rulers in India's history because of his extension of the Empire to the complete Indian subcontinent as good as his function within the international propagation of Buddhism.

Conquest of Seleucus' eastern territories

Growth :
Seleucus I Nicator, a Macedonian satrap of Alexander, reconquered most of Alexander's former empire and put beneath his own authority the jap territories so far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian, history of Rome, 

The Syrian Wars 55), except in 305 BCE he entered into conflict with Chandragupta:

 

continuously lying in wait for the neighboring countries, powerful in palms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and different adjoining peoples that had been subdued via Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire had been the most large in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole vicinity from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and waged battle with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of the Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that movement, until they came to an figuring out with every different and contracted a wedding relationship. Some of these exploits have been performed earlier than the loss of life of Antigonus and a few later on.

The precise important points of engagement aren't known. As famous with the aid of students corresponding to R. C. Majumdar and D. D. Kosambi, Seleucus seems to have fared poorly, having ceded colossal territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. Because of his defeat, Seleucus surrendered Arachosia (modern day Kandahar), Gedrosia (modern-day Balochistan), Paropamisadae (or Gandhara).
Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta obtained monstrous territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, brand new day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Archaeologically, concrete signs of Maurya rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are often called some distance as Kandhahar in southern Afghanistan.

After having made a treaty with him [Sandrakotos] and put in order the Orient crisis, Seleucos went to war towards Antigonus.

It is mostly concept that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta despatched 500 battle-elephants a army asset which would play a decisive function at the fight of Ipsus in 302 BCE. Additionally to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an envoy, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, on the Maurya court at Pataliputra (state-of-the-art Patna in Bihar state). Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and latest of Ashoka the fine, can be recorded by using Pliny the Elder as having despatched an envoy named Dionysius to the Maurya court. 

Classical sources have additionally recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged offers, similar to when Chandragupta sent more than a few aphrodisiacs to Seleucus:

And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such issues [as to make people more amorous]. And Phylarchus confirms him, with the aid of reference to one of the grants which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, despatched to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a exotic measure of affection, whilst some, on the opposite, have been to banish love.

After the Independence of India :

Goa After the independence of India :

When India grew to be unbiased in 1947, Goa remained beneath Portuguese control. The Indian govt of Jawaharlal Nehru insisted that Goa, along with a couple of other minor Portuguese holdings, be turned over to India. Nonetheless, Portugal refused. In contrast, France, which also had small enclaves in India (most notably Puducherry), surrendered all its Indian possessions quite quickly.

In 1954, unarmed Indians[68] took over the tiny land-locked enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. This incident led the Portuguese to lodge a grievance in opposition to India within the worldwide courtroom of Justice at the Hague. The ultimate judgement on this case, given in 1960, held that the Portuguese had a proper to the enclaves, but that India equally had a right to disclaim Portugal entry to the enclaves over Indian territory.

In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis,verified in opposition to Portugal. At the least twenty-two of them were killed via Portuguese gunfire.

Later the same 12 months, the Satyagrahis took over a castle at Tiracol and hoisted the Indian flag. They have been driven away by the Portuguese with a number of casualties. On 1 September 1955, the Indian consulate in Goa used to be closed; Nehru declared that his government would now not tolerate the Portuguese presence in Goa. India then instituted a blockade against Goa, Damão, and Diu as a way to force a Portuguese departure. Goa was once then given its possess airline via the Portuguese, the Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa, to overcome the blockade.

On 16 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into Goa. 'Operation Vijay' involved sustained land, sea, and air strikes for greater than 36 hours; it resulted within the unconditional give up of Portuguese forces on 19 December. A United international locations decision condemning the invasion was proposed by using the united states and the United Kingdom within the United nations safety Council, but it surely was vetoed by means of the us. The territory of Goa was under navy rule for 5 months. Nonetheless, the prior civil provider was soon restored. Goan voters went to the polls in a referendum and voted to grow to be an self sustaining, federally administered territory. Goa used to be later admitted to Indian statehood in 1987.